Biomarker Glossary

A reference of the biomarkers covered across Lola panels, grouped by body-system category. Tap any link to jump to a section.

Full Blood Count back to top ↑

• Basophils:The rarest white blood cells and take part in allergic and inflammatory reactions by releasing histamine and other chemicals.
• Blood Group & RH Phenotype Profile:The Blood Group & Rhesus Phenotype Profile identifies your ABO blood group (A, B, AB or O) and Rhesus type, alongside additional Rhesus phenotype antigens.
• Eosinophils:White blood cells involved in allergic responses and defence against parasites.
• Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR):How quickly red blood cells settle in a tube and is a non-specific marker of inflammation.
• G6PD Enzyme Activity:Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is an enzyme that protects red blood cells from oxidative damage.
• Haematocrit:The percentage of blood made up by red blood cells.
• Haemoglobin:The iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.
• Lymphocytes:White blood cells that coordinate immune responses and make antibodies, especially against viruses.
• MCHC (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration):Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) shows how concentrated haemoglobin is inside red blood cells.
• Mean Cell Hb (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin):Mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) is the average amount of haemoglobin per red blood cell.
• Mean Cell Volume (MCV):The average size of red blood cells.
• Monocytes:White blood cells that move into tissues and become macrophages, helping to clean up debris and fight infection.
• MPV (Mean Platelet Volume):The average size of platelets.
• Neutrophils:The most common white blood cells and are first-line defenders against bacterial infections.
• Platelets:Small cell fragments that help blood clot.
• Red Blood Cells:Carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.
• Red Blood Cells (Urine):Red blood cells in urine reflect tiny amounts of blood passing into urine.
• Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW):How much variation there is in red blood cell size.
• Sickle Cell Anemia:The sickle cell screen checks for haemoglobin patterns associated with sickle cell trait or sickle cell condition.
• Sickle Cell Hemoglobin Electrophoresis:Haemoglobin electrophoresis is a laboratory technique that separates the different types of haemoglobin in a blood sample, used to identify inherited haemoglobin variants.
• White Blood Cells:Immune cells that fight infection and help healing.
• White Blood Cells (Urine):White blood cells in urine reflect immune activity in the urinary tract.

Cardiovascular Health back to top ↑

• ApoB : ApoA1 Ratio:The Apo B/Apo A1 ratio compares the number of potentially harmful lipoprotein particles (ApoB) to protective HDL particles (ApoA1).
• Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1):The main protein component of HDL (“good”) cholesterol particles.
• Apolipoprotein B (ApoB):The main protein on LDL and other atherogenic lipoproteins and effectively counts the number of potentially harmful particles.
• Chol:HDL Ratio:The total cholesterol to HDL ratio compares total cholesterol to protective HDL.
• Cholesterol:Total cholesterol is the sum of all cholesterol-carrying particles in the blood.
• HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) Cholesterol:“good” cholesterol that helps remove excess cholesterol from arteries.
• HDL Cholesterol %:The percentage of total cholesterol that is HDL.
• HDL:Cholesterol Ratio:The HDL cholesterol ratio is HDL divided by total cholesterol and describes the proportion of “good” cholesterol.
• LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) Cholesterol:LDL (low-density lipoprotein) is often called “bad” cholesterol because it can build up in artery walls.
• Lipoprotein (a):Lipoprotein(a), often written Lp(a), is a genetically determined cholesterol-carrying particle.
• Non-HDL Cholesterol:Non-HDL cholesterol is total cholesterol minus HDL and represents all “atherogenic” (artery-clogging) particles.
• PLAC Activity:PLAC (lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2) is an enzyme measured as part of advanced cardiovascular wellness panels.
• Triglycerides:Fats used for energy and stored in fat tissue.
• VLDL (Very Low-Density Lipoprotein):VLDL (Very Low-Density Lipoprotein) is a lipid particle that carries triglycerides through the bloodstream.

Metabolic Health back to top ↑

• Glucose (Urine):Urine glucose reflects sugar passing into urine.

Liver Function back to top ↑

• Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT):A liver enzyme released when liver cells are irritated or damaged.
• Albumin:The main protein in blood, helping keep fluid inside blood vessels and carrying hormones and medicines.
• Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP):An enzyme found mainly in liver and bone.
• Aspartate Transaminase (AST):An enzyme found in liver, heart, and muscles.
• Gamma GT (Gamma-glutamyltransferase):Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) is a liver enzyme very sensitive to alcohol use and bile duct problems.
• Globulin:A group of blood proteins that include antibodies and transport proteins.
• Hepatitis B:Hepatitis B is a virus that can affect the liver.
• Hepatitis B Core Antibody:Hepatitis B Core Antibody reflects past or current exposure to the Hepatitis B virus.
• Hepatitis B Surface Antibody (IgG):Hepatitis B Surface Antibody (IgG) reflects immunity to Hepatitis B, usually following vaccination or recovery from past exposure.
• Hepatitis B Surface Antigen:Hepatitis B Surface Antigen indicates current Hepatitis B activity.
• Hepatitis C:The Hepatitis C test checks for antibodies and viral material indicating past or current exposure to the Hepatitis C virus.
• Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH):An enzyme present in many tissues, including blood cells, liver, heart, and muscles.
• Protein (Urine):Urine protein reflects the amount of protein passing into urine.
• Serum Gamma Globulin:Serum Gamma Globulin reflects the broad family of antibody proteins in your blood.
• Total Bilirubin:A yellow pigment formed when red blood cells are broken down and processed by the liver.
• Total Protein:The combined amount of albumin and globulins in the blood.
• Yeast Infection:The Yeast Infection panel checks immune markers and culture results that reflect response to common yeast organisms such as Candida.

Kidney Function back to top ↑

• Creatinine:A waste product from muscle metabolism that the kidneys filter out of the blood.
• eGFR:Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is a calculation based on creatinine that reflects how well your kidneys filter blood.
• Potassium:A key electrolyte that controls heart rhythm, muscle contraction, and nerve signals.
• Sodium:The main extracellular electrolyte and helps control fluid balance, nerve signals, and muscle function.
• Urea:A waste product from protein breakdown, cleared by the kidneys.

Thyroid Function back to top ↑

• FT3 (Free Triiodothyronine):Free T3 is the active form of triiodothyronine, the thyroid hormone that acts directly in tissues to control metabolism.
• FT4 (Free Thyroxine):Free T4 is the active, unbound form of thyroxine, a key thyroid hormone that controls metabolism, energy, and body temperature.
• TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone):Produced by the pituitary gland to control thyroid hormone output.

Hormones back to top ↑

• Androgen Levels:Androgen Levels is a wellness panel covering testosterone, free testosterone, the free androgen index, SHBG, DHEA-S and related markers.
• Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH):Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is made by ovarian follicles and reflects egg reserve.
• Beta-HCG:Beta-hCG (beta human chorionic gonadotropin) is the hormone measured in pregnancy tests and is also produced by some tumours.
• Cortisol:The main stress hormone produced by the adrenal glands, helping regulate blood pressure, blood sugar, and the stress response.
• DHEA-S (Dehydroepiandrosterone-Sulphate):DHEA-S is an adrenal hormone that serves as a building block for testosterone and oestrogen.
• Dihydrotestosterone (DHT):A potent derivative of testosterone that drives development of male characteristics and contributes to prostate growth and male pattern hair loss.
• Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH):FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) is released by the pituitary gland and controls egg development in women and sperm production in men.
• Free Androgen Index (FAI):The Free Androgen Index (FAI) is a calculated ratio of total testosterone to SHBG and estimates how much testosterone is freely available.
• Free Testosterone (Calculated):Calculated free testosterone estimates the biologically active testosterone not bound tightly to SHBG.
• Growth Hormone:Growth Hormone is produced by the pituitary gland and plays a role in metabolism, muscle and bone health.
• Hormone Profile:The Hormone Profile is a panel combining reproductive, thyroid and adrenal hormone markers.
• Luteinising Hormone (LH):LH (luteinising hormone) is a pituitary hormone that triggers ovulation in women and stimulates testosterone production in men.
• Oestradiol (Estradiol):The main form of oestrogen, crucial for menstrual cycles, bone health, and many body systems.
• Progesterone:A hormone made mainly after ovulation that prepares the womb lining for pregnancy.
• Prolactin:A hormone that stimulates breast development and milk production.
• SHBG (Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin):Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is a liver-made protein that binds testosterone and oestrogen and controls how much is free and active.
• Testosterone:The main male sex hormone, also present in women in lower amounts, important for libido, muscle mass, mood, and energy.

Vitamins and Minerals back to top ↑

• Active B12:The usable form of vitamin B12 that your body can absorb and use.
• Aluminium:Aluminium is a metal found in the environment, food, water and some consumer products.
• Chromium:Chromium is a trace mineral involved in carbohydrate metabolism.
• Lead:Lead is a metal that can be present in old plumbing, paint, soil and some imported products.
• Mercury:Mercury is a metal found in trace amounts in some fish and dental fillings.
• Selenium:Selenium is an essential trace mineral with antioxidant properties, important for thyroid function and immune support.
• Serum Folate (Vitamin B9):Needed for DNA and red blood cell production.
• Vitamin B1:Essential for carbohydrate metabolism and normal nerve and heart function.
• Vitamin B12 (Total):Essential for making red blood cells, maintaining nerve health, and copying DNA.
• Vitamin B2:Helps convert food into energy and supports skin, eye, and nerve health.
• Vitamin B6:Involved in protein metabolism, neurotransmitter production, and immune function.
• Vitamin D:25-OH vitamin D is the storage form of vitamin D and reflects overall vitamin D status.

Bone Health back to top ↑

• Calcium:Vital for bone strength, muscle contraction, nerve signalling, and blood clotting.
• Corrected Calcium:Adjusts the measured calcium level for albumin, since calcium is partly protein-bound.
• Phosphate:A mineral that works with calcium to build bone and store and release energy in cells.
• Uric Acid:A waste product from breaking down purines in cells and food.

Muscle Health back to top ↑

• Tissue Damage/Cell Breakdown:Tissue Damage / Cell Breakdown is a wellness panel that groups markers released when cells are damaged or recovering, such as CK and LDH.

Inflammation & Immunity back to top ↑

• Anti TPO Ab (Anti-Thyroidperoxidase Ab):Anti-TPO antibodies target thyroid peroxidase, an enzyme involved in making thyroid hormones.
• Anti-CCP:Anti-CCP (anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide) antibodies are highly specific markers for autoimmune joint inflammation.
• Anti-TG (Anti-Thyroglobulin Antibody):Thyroglobulin antibodies (anti-TG) are autoantibodies directed against a thyroid protein.
• Auto Immunity (Detection):The Auto-Immunity panel groups antibody markers used in wellness screening for autoimmune patterns, such as ANA and TPO antibodies.
• Candida Albicans IgA/IgG/IgM:Candida Albicans antibody panel reflects immune response to Candida yeast.
• FIT (Faecal Immunochemical Test):The Faecal Immunochemical Test (FIT) looks for small amounts of blood in stool that may not be visible.
• IgE:Total IgE is an antibody type involved in allergic responses and defence against parasites.
• Rheumatoid Factor:Rheumatoid Factor is an antibody that targets other antibodies.
• Rubella IgG:Rubella IgG reflects immunity to rubella (German measles), usually from past infection or MMR vaccination.
• Syphilis IgG:Syphilis IgG reflects exposure to the bacteria that cause syphilis, used as part of routine sexual health screening.
• Tissue Transglutaminase IgA:The main screening antibody for coeliac disease.

Infection & Immunity back to top ↑

• CA 125 (Ovary):CA 125 is a protein that can be measured in blood.
• CEA (Bowel):CEA (Carcinoembryonic Antigen) is a protein measured in blood.
• H. pylori Antibody:H.
• HIV Antibodies 1&2:The HIV Antibodies 1 & 2 test checks for antibodies against the HIV-1 and HIV-2 viruses.
• PSA Free:Free PSA is the unbound fraction of Prostate-Specific Antigen, reported alongside Total PSA.

Biological Age (TruAge) back to top ↑

• Alcohol Consumption Risk:An epigenetic signal that reflects regular alcohol consumption, calculated from DNA methylation patterns.
• DunedinPACE (Pace of Ageing):DunedinPACE measures the pace at which your body is ageing at a cellular level, calculated from DNA methylation patterns.
• Extrinsic Age:An epigenetic age estimate that incorporates immune cell composition alongside DNA methylation patterns.
• Immune Cell Deconvolution:An estimate of the proportions of different immune cell subtypes in your blood, calculated from DNA methylation patterns.
• Intrinsic Age:An epigenetic age estimate that reflects intrinsic biological ageing, calculated independently of immune cell composition.
• OMICmAge (Biological Age):OMICmAge is one of the epigenetic readouts produced by the TruDiagnostic test.
• Physical Fitness Age:An estimate of physical fitness age derived from epigenetic patterns linked to fitness metrics such as VO2max, FEV1, grip strength and gait speed.
• Smoking Risk:An epigenetic signal that reflects historic exposure to smoking and tobacco-related compounds, calculated from DNA methylation patterns.
• SYMPHONYAge (Organ System Ages):SYMPHONYAge provides ageing insights for eleven organ systems (lung, heart, brain, hormone, metabolic, musculoskeletal, blood, liver, inflammation, kidney and immune) using system-specific epigenetic ageing algorithms developed by Yale University.
• Telomere Length:Telomeres are the protective caps at the ends of chromosomes that shorten with age.
• Weight Loss Response:A methylation-based score that estimates how your body may respond to a weight-loss programme.

Urinalysis back to top ↑

• Appearance:Urine appearance describes whether urine is clear, cloudy or contains visible particles.
• Bacteria:Bacteria in urine reflects bacterial presence in the urinary tract.
• Blood (Haematuria):Blood in urine is detected when red blood cells or haemoglobin pass into urine.
• Casts:Cylindrical structures formed in the kidney tubules from protein and cells and seen under the microscope.
• Colour:Urine colour ranges from pale yellow to amber and is influenced by hydration, diet, supplements and certain medications.
• Crystals:In urine are tiny mineral or salt deposits that can form when urine becomes concentrated or imbalanced.
• Epithelial Cells:In urine come from the lining of the urinary tract or external genital area.
• Ketones (Urine):Urine ketones are produced when the body breaks down fat for energy.
• Nitrite:Nitrite in urine reflects bacterial activity in the urinary tract.
• pH:Urine pH reflects the acidity or alkalinity of urine.
• Specific Gravity:Specific Gravity reflects how concentrated your urine is, influenced primarily by hydration and kidney activity.
• Urobilinogen:In urine is a breakdown product of bilirubin metabolism and reflects how bilirubin is processed and recycled.

Blood Group back to top ↑

• ABO Blood Group:Testing identifies your ABO and Rh type.
• Blood Group:Testing identifies your ABO and Rh type.
• Blood Type:Testing identifies your ABO and Rh type.

Biochemistry back to top ↑

• Amylase:A digestive enzyme mainly from the pancreas and salivary glands that helps break down starch.
• Caeruloplasmin:A copper-carrying protein made by the liver.
• CK (Creatine Kinase):An enzyme found mainly in skeletal and heart muscle.
• Copper (Serum):Serum copper is an essential trace element needed for iron metabolism, connective tissue, and nervous system function.
• CRP:C-reactive protein (CRP) is made by the liver in response to inflammation or infection.
• Ferritin:The main iron storage protein and reflects the size of your iron reserves.
• Glucose:Blood sugar, the main fuel for your brain and muscles.
• HbA1c (Glycated Hemoglobin):How much glucose has attached to haemoglobin over the past 2-3 months, giving an average of long-term blood sugar control.
• HsCRP (High-sensitivity C-reactive Protein):High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) is a very sensitive marker of low-grade inflammation.
• Iron:Serum iron measures the amount of circulating iron bound mainly to transferrin.
• Lipase:A digestive enzyme produced mainly by the pancreas to break down dietary fats.
• Magnesium:A mineral involved in hundreds of reactions, including nerve signalling, muscle relaxation, and heartbeat regulation.
• Omega 6:3 Ratio (ARA:EPA):The omega-6 to omega-3 (arachidonic acid to EPA) ratio reflects the balance between more pro-inflammatory and more anti-inflammatory fats.
• TIBC (Total Iron Binding Capacity):Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) estimates how much iron your blood could carry if transferrin were fully loaded.
• Total PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen):Total PSA (prostate-specific antigen) is a protein made by prostate cells.
• Transferrin:The blood protein that transports iron.
• Transferrin Saturation:The percentage of transferrin binding sites that are filled with iron.
• Zinc:An essential trace element that supports immunity, wound healing, taste and smell, and hormone balance.

Other back to top ↑

• Lactose Intolerance:The lactose intolerance test checks how your body responds to lactose, the sugar found in milk.