Measures how acidic or alkaline your urine is on a scale from 4 to 9. A normal pH helps prevent bacterial growth and kidney stone formation, while abnormalities may point to urinary infections or systemic issues.
Why measure:Helps detect urinary tract infections, kidney issues or dietary imbalances.

Checks for the presence of protein—normally absent or minimal in healthy urine. Protein in the urine can signal early signs of kidney strain, damage, or disease, especially in conditions like diabetes or hypertension.
Why measure:Early sign of kidney damage, disease, or filtration issues.

Detects glucose (sugar) in your urine, which is typically absent under normal circumstances. Its presence may suggest blood sugar levels are elevated beyond the kidney’s reabsorption threshold.
Why measure:Marker of elevated blood sugars or uncontrolled diabetes.

Measures ketone bodies, produced when the body burns fat for energy instead of glucose. May increase with low-carb diets, fasting, prolonged exercise, or diabetes-related metabolic imbalance.
Why measure:Indicates fat metabolism, fasting state or unmanaged diabetes.

Screens for traces of blood in the urine, which are not normally visible but can be detected chemically. Even microscopic amounts can indicate urinary tract injury, infection, stones, or more serious conditions.
Why measure:Suggests infection, kidney stones, trauma or urinary tract bleeding.

A by-product of bilirubin breakdown from red blood cells. Normally present in low levels, but increased amounts may indicate liver dysfunction or haemolytic conditions.
Why measure:Can signal liver dysfunction or red blood cell destruction (haemolysis).

Microscopic Examination

Looks for immune cells in the urine. While occasional WBCs can appear without concern, elevated levels may reflect a bacterial infection or inflammation within the urinary tract.
Why measure:Elevated levels often indicate a urinary tract infection or inflammation.

Assesses the presence of red blood cells in urine, which may not be visible to the eye. Their presence suggests bleeding somewhere along the urinary tract, often from stones, trauma, or infection.
Why measure:Could reveal bleeding from infection, stones, trauma, or kidney issues.

Checks for cells lining the urinary tract that are shed naturally. While small amounts are expected, higher levels may indicate sample contamination or epithelial irritation.
Why measure:A high count may suggest contamination or urinary tract pathology.

Cylindrical formations made of protein or cells that form in kidney tubules and appear in urine. Their presence may reflect underlying kidney conditions or tubular injury.
Why measure:Presence may point to kidney tubular damage or disease.

Identifies crystal structures formed by minerals in the urine. While some types are harmless, others may signal risk of kidney stone formation or metabolic disturbances.
Why measure:Can indicate stone risk or metabolic imbalances depending on type and abundance.

Bilirubin is a yellow pigment produced from the breakdown of red blood cells and processed by the liver. Measuring its level helps assess liver and bile duct function. High levels may indicate liver disease, bile duct blockage, or red cell breakdown.

Nitrite appears in urine when bacteria convert nitrate to nitrite, often indicating a urinary tract infection (UTI) or other bacterial activity in the urinary system.

Specific Gravity measures urine concentration to assess kidney function and hydration. Low levels may indicate overhydration, while high levels suggest dehydration or excess solutes.

Urine color provides a quick visual indicator of hydration and overall health. Normal urine ranges from pale yellow to amber, depending on fluid intake. Unusual colors may result from dehydration, medications, foods, or underlying health conditions.

Bacteria in urine may indicate a urinary tract infection (UTI) or contamination during sample collection. Detecting bacteria helps assess urinary tract health and guides further diagnostic evaluation or treatment if infection is suspected.